Abkhaz is a language of the Northwest Caucasian family which, like the other Northwest Caucasian languages, is very rich in consonants. Abkhaz has a large consonantal inventory that contrasts 58 consonants in the literary Abzhywa dialect, coupled with just two phonemic vowels.[1]
Abkhaz has three major dialects, Abzhywa, Bzyp and Sadz, which differ mainly in phonology.
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Below is the IPA phoneme chart of the consonant phonemes of Abkhaz:
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Alveolo- palatal |
Retro- flex |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial. | plain | labial. | plain | labial. | palatal. | plain | labial. | palatal. | plain | labial. | phar. | lab. + phar. | plain | labial. | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʷ | kʲ | k | kʷ | ||||||||||||
| voiced | b | d | dʷ | ɡʲ | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||||||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tʷʼ | kʲʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʲʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ | t͡ɕʷ | ʈ͡ʂ | |||||||||||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | d͡ʑ | d͡ʑʷ | ɖ͡ʐ | ||||||||||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ɕʼ | t͡ɕʷʼ | ʈ͡ʂʼ | ||||||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | ɕ | ɕʷ | ʂ | χʲ | χ | χʷ | χˤ | χˤʷ | ħ | ħʷ | ||||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʑ | ʑʷ | ʐ | ʁʲ | ʁ | ʁʷ | |||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ɥ | w | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||||||||
Phonemes in green are found in the Bzyp and Sadz dialects of Abkhaz, but not in Abzhywa; phonemes in blue are unique to the Bzyp dialect. The total number of consonant phonemes in Abkhaz is, therefore, 58 in the Abzhywa dialect, 60 in the Sadz dialect, and 67 in Bzyp. The Sadz dialect also has distinctive consonant gemination; for example, Sadz Abkhaz contrasts /a.χʷa/ ashes vs. /a.χʷːa/ worm, where Abzhywa and Bzyp Abkhaz have only the one form /a.χʷa/ for both; it seems that many Sadz singletons reflect positions where a consonant has been dropped from the beginning of a cluster in the Proto-Northwest Caucasian form (compare Ubykh /tχʷa/ ashes). Some scholars (for instance, Chirikba 2003) prefer to count the Sadz consonant inventory at well over 100 (thus forming the largest consonant inventory in the Caucasus, outstripping Ubykh's 80-84) by treating the geminated consonants as a set in their own right. (Note, however, that this practice is not usual in counting the consonant inventory of a language.)
The Bzyp consonant inventory appears to have been the fundamental inventory of Proto-Abkhaz, with the inventories of Abzhywa and Sadz being reduced from this total, rather than the Bzyp series being innovative. Plain alveolopalatal affricates and fricatives have merged with their corresponding alveolars in Abzhywa and Sadz Abkhaz (compare Bzyp /a.t͡ɕʼa.ra/ to know vs. Abzhywa /a.t͡sʼa.ra/), and in Abzhywa the labialised alveolopalatal fricatives have merged with the corresponding postalveolars (compare Bzyp /a.ɕʷa.ra/ to measure vs. Abzhywa /a.ʃʷa.ra/).
The non-pharyngealised dorsal fricatives of Abkhaz may be realised as either velar or uvular depending upon the context in which they are found; here, they have been ranged with the uvulars. Also, while the labialised palatal approximant /ɥ/ is here placed with the approximants, it is actually the reflex of a labialised voiced pharyngeal fricative, preserved in Abaza, and a legacy of this phoneme's origin is a slight constriction of the pharynx for some speakers, resulting in the phonetic realisation [ɥˤ].
Abkhaz has only two distinctive vowels: an open vowel /a/ and a close vowel /ɨ ~ ə/. These basic vowels have a wide range of allophones in different consonantal environments, with allophones [i] and [e] next to palatals, [u] and [o] next to labials, and [y] and [ø] next to labiopalatals. /a/ also has a long variant /aː/, which is the reflex of old sequences of */ʕa/ or */aʕ/, preserved in Abaza.
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